Bohemian Forest

The Bohemian Forest, known in Czech as Šumava (pronounced [ˈʃʊmava]), is a low mountain range in Central Europe. Geographically, the mountains extend from South Bohemia in the Czech Republic to Austria and Bavaria in Germany. They create a natural border between the Czech Republic on one side and Germany and Austria on the other.

§Name

For political reasons, the Bohemian and German sides have different names: in Czech, the Bohemian side is called Šumava and the Bavarian side Zadní Bavorský les (English: rear Bavarian Forest), while in German, the Bohemian side is called Böhmerwald (English: Bohemian Forest), and the Bavarian side Bayerischer Wald (English: Bavarian Forest).

In Czech, Å umava is also used as a name for the entire adjacent region in Bohemia.

§Geography and climate

The Bohemian Forest comprises heavily forested mountains with average heights of 800â€"1,400 metres. The highest peak is Großer Arber (1,456 m) on the Bavarian side; the highest peak on the Bohemian and Austrian side is Plechý (Plöckenstein) (1,378 m). The most eastern peak is the Sternstein (1,125m). The range is one of the oldest in Europe, and its mountains are eroded into round forms with few rocky parts. Typical for the Bohemian Forest are plateaux at about 1,000â€"1,200 m with relatively harsh climates and many peat bogs.

§Water

The Bohemian Forest is the dividing range between the watersheds of the Black Sea and the North Sea, where water collected by the Vltava, Otava and Úhlava rivers flows. These rivers all spring from the Bohemian Forest. Owing to heavy precipitation (mostly snow), the peat bogs and the Lipno Dam, the Šumava region is an important water reservoir for Central Europe. More important for their aesthetic value than for holding water are several lakes of glacial origin.

§Nature

As a border region, the Bohemian Forest has had a complicated history. In the 20th century it was part of the Iron Curtain, and large areas were stripped of human settlement. Even before that, settlement was sparse and for centuries forests dominated over human dwellings and pathways. These unique circumstances led to the preservation of unspoilt nature and forest ecosystems relatively unaffected by human activity. On the other hand, many habitats dependent on farming activity are slowly turning into forest.

In the Czech Republic, the most valuable area is protected in the Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape and the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Part of the German section is protected as the Bavarian Forest National Park. The Bohemian Forest is a popular holiday destination because it is excellent hiking country. Most interesting natural and cultural sights are connected with more than 500 km of summer marked trails and many bike trails. However, park administration is not always successful in its task, and many believe the rapid growth of tourist accommodation and services is destroying the former calm of the Šumava region. Šumava National Park is also suffering problems connected with bark beetles, and there is heated debate about how to deal with it.

§History

The origin of the current name Bohemian Forest goes back to 400 BC. The Boii people spread across Europe between 400 BC and 8 BC. Boii is the Roman name of three ancient Celtic tribes, living in Transalpine Gaul (modern France), Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), and Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia. The European region of Bohemia owes its name to the Boii. The Romans called it Boiohaemum, Latin for "the home of the Boii". The mountain range has been traditionally identified with Î"αβρήτα Ὕλη (Gabreta Forest), mentioned in Strabo's Geographica and Ptolemy's Geographia. In the 1st century AD, the forest was inhabited by Gallo-Romans as well as by Germanic tribes in its northern part. In the 6th century AD, the forefathers of the later Czech people emigrated to the area . From the 13th century AD until 1945â€"1946, most of the region was inhabited by Bohemian Germans, many of them woodcutters. The mountains are regionally known just as the Forest. The usage of its current Czech name Å umava has been attested in late 15th century Antonio Bonfini's work Rerum unganicarum decades. The origin of the name is not clear. Folk etymology connects it with Czech words Å¡um, Å¡umÄ›ní, Å¡umÄ›t denoting a noise of trees in the wind. The most accepted opinion among linguists derives Å umava from a theorized Proto-Slavic word *Å¡uma = "dense forest", cf. Serbo-Croatian Å¡uma.

§See also

Towns of Å umava region

• Vyšší Brod (CZ) Hohenfurth
• Volary (CZ) Wallern
• Vimperk (CZ) Winterberg
• Prachatice (CZ) Prachatitz
• KaÅ¡perské Hory (CZ) Bergreichenstein
• Strakonice (CZ) Strakonitz
• Železná Ruda (CZ) Eisenstein
• Bayerisch Eisenstein (DE) Bavorská Železná ruda
• Regensburg (DE) Řezno

Regions

• Bavarian Forest (DE)
• South Bohemia (CZ)
• Mühlviertel (AT)
• Plzeň Region (CZ)
• Waldviertel (AT)

§External links

• National Park administration
• Å umava
• Info Å umava
• webcam Å umava